Childhood Diabetes Mellitus: Management and Precautions

Contributed by

Dr.Ghulam Nabi, MD.

Pediatric Consultant and Neonatologist.

Bugshan Hospital Jeddah, 21432.

P.O. Box 5860, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Mobile. 00966 502310661. E-mail: drgnabi2@gmail.com

Diabetes is often thought of as an adult illness, but it also affects children. Childhood diabetes is becoming more common, and it needs careful attention to keep children healthy and active. There are two main types: type 1 diabetes, where the body cannot make insulin, and type 2 diabetes, where the body does not use insulin properly. Both types lead to high blood sugar if not managed well, but with the right care, children with diabetes can live full and happy lives.

Spotting the Signs

Type 1 diabetes often develops quickly. Children may suddenly feel very thirsty, need to urinate often, lose weight, or feel unusually tired. 

Type 2 diabetes is slower to appear, and is often linked to being overweight, having a family history of diabetes, or not getting enough exercise. Early diagnosis is important so that treatment can begin without delay.

Managing Childhood Diabetes

Managing diabetes in children is a team effort involving the child, parents, doctors, teachers, and sometimes friends. Key steps include:

Insulin or medicines: Children with type 1 diabetes need insulin every day, either by injection or pump. Some children with type 2 diabetes may also need medicines to control blood sugar.

Healthy eating: A balanced diet helps keep blood sugar steady. This means eating regular meals with vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy snacks—while cutting down on sugary drinks and processed foods. Parents can make meal planning fun by involving children in choosing and preparing foods.

Active lifestyle: Exercise helps the body use insulin better and keeps weight in check. Simple activities like cycling, dancing, or playing football are excellent choices. Children should be encouraged to move daily, but parents should also watch for low sugar levels during or after exercise.

Blood sugar checks: Regular monitoring helps spot highs and lows quickly. Some families use finger-prick tests, while others may have continuous glucose monitors that provide updates throughout the day.

Everyday Precautions

Children with diabetes need extra care during illness, as infections can raise blood sugar. Families should know “sick day rules,” like checking sugar levels more often and keeping children well hydrated. Teachers and caregivers should also be aware of warning signs of low sugar, such as shakiness, sweating, or confusion, and how to respond in emergencies.

Emotional Wellbeing

Beyond the physical side, diabetes can affect a child’s feelings. Some children may worry about being “different” from their friends or feel burdened by daily routines. Support from parents, schools, and peer groups makes a huge difference. Encouragement, open conversations, and involving children in their own care help them feel more confident.

Looking Ahead

With modern insulin devices, better monitoring tools, and growing awareness, children with diabetes can enjoy normal childhoods. Prevention of type 2 diabetes is also vital: promoting healthy eating, reducing screen time, and encouraging physical activity are simple steps that protect children’s health.

In short, diabetes in childhood requires attention, but it is not a barrier to a healthy future. With love, guidance, and proper management, children can grow, learn, and play just like any other child.

References

1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th ed. Brussels, Belgium: IDF; 2021.

2. American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl. 1):S1-S154.

3. Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al. Incidence Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among Youths, 2002–2012. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1419–1429.